Did Emperor Hirohito bear Responsibility for the actions of essays

Did Emperor Hirohito bear Responsibility for the actions of essays Emperor Hirohito ruled over Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He saw Japan through World War II, its defeat and resurrection from the ashes to become a world-renowned industrial and economic power. He was the grandson of the famed Emperor Meiji, who was generally considered to be one of the best emperors of Japan. Emperor Hirohito was the center of controversy during his lifetime and after it as well. During the Majority of the post war period. He was considered to have no legal responsibility for Japans actions during World War II. The Occupying American forces after World War 2 decided not to put Emperor Hirohito on trial during the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. The Tribunal and the American and Japanese Government took the position that Emperor Hirohito was a Constitutional Monarch and that he had had no real power during World War 2. They state that he was forced to accede to the wishes of an expansionist military or face a military coup, which would depose the Imperial house . Only later during the last few years of Emperor Hirohitos life and after his death have any serious investigations into his role during World War 2 occurred. Historians had found several facts that put serious doubts in the idea that Emperor Hirohito was innocent of War Crimes. Now the question is whether or not he was responsible for the actions of Japan during World War 2 and if so to what extent? Some evidence that suggests that he might have had more responsibility for the actions of Japan during World War 2 then previous thought are the facts that the Meiji Constitution gave the Emperor enormous power. He was the titular Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. He could assemble and dismiss the Diet , All laws and bills had to be approved by him before being passed. He also had the power to directly negotiate treaties with foreign nations. Besides the enormous power that the Meiji Constitution granted the Emperor, traditionally the Em...

8 TV Shows That Will Make You a Better Novelist

8 TV Shows That Will Make You a Better Novelist Netflix Write: 8 Shows That Will Make You a Better Novelist Reedsy editor and novelist Andrew Lowe highlights an excellent way to improve your writing craft without the need to read a word or skip a YouTube ad. You’ve probably already absorbed it without even knowing. It will enhance your story if the key characters all want different versions of the same thing, or if their change or development is influenced by a unifying theme. You don’t want characters to feel like ciphers; window-dressing for the story. You want them to be an integral part of the way the story functions. The way to do this is to be absolutely clear about your theme. You need to be able to answer that second question with total confidence; ideally, in the fewest possible words.In the Duffer Brothers’ Stranger Things, they’ve boiled their theme down to a single four-letter word: loss. Joyce is a mother who’s lost her son, Will. Jim is a police officer who’s lost his daughter to cancer. Eleven is a young girl who’s lost her childhood. Mike, Dustin, and Lucas have lost a friend. Jonathan Byers has lost his younger brother and his father. What can @netflix's #StrangerThings teach authors about 'theme'? All the characters are pulling in the same direction, and so all the writers have to do is examine their differing motivations as the characters set about finding the things they’ve lost or achieving some kind of related redemption. If you can set your story around a potent central theme, then it will go a long way towards making your characters believable, your story multilayered and - a big bonus, this - because of the clear focus, that dreaded synopsis will be a lot easier to write.Where to watch? NetflixOr if you want to read some of the books that inspired the series, check out our quintessential Stranger Things book list here!Andrew Lowe is one of our top copy-editors on  Reedsy, and you can visit his profile here. His novels The Ghost and Savages  are  available now.What have  you learned about writing by watching  your own favorite TV series? Share your thoughts in the comments below, but be warned once more: there will be spoilers.

The history of Italian Mobsters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The history of Italian Mobsters - Essay Example Why is this so? Where does this image of the gangster come from? Why as a "monster" type are we both attracted and repulsed by his (or less often her) screen presence?† (Florida State University, 2011). Indeed, the Mob's heroic reputation was a major part of the censorship of the early Hays Code (Florida State University, 2011). The Italian mob were complex social agents: They were both ruthless social parasites and community guards, representatives of Italian communities and their secret shame, successful businessmen and criminals. The Italian mafia were far from alone: In The Ethnic Myth, Steinberg (1991) points out that at one point one sixth of the organized crime in New York was Jewish! But it is true that the Italians were powerful in New Jersey, New York, Chicago and Las Vegas. La Cosa Nostra was a Sicilian institution, but in America, its start and success had to do with one factor: Prohibition. â€Å"The Prohibition era of the 1920s gave rise to the organized crime sy ndicate in the United States. Federal efforts to enforce prohibition, including raids on speakeasies, were countered by well-organized bootlegging operations with national and international connections. A particularly notorious gang of the times was Al Capone's mob in Chicago. There were also gangs in Detroit, New York and other cities. Wars among gangs, producing grisly killings, frequently made headlines† (US History, 2011). The FBI traces the history of La Cosa Nostra from Sicily: â€Å"These enterprises evolved over the course of 3,000 years during numerous periods of invasion and exploitation by numerous conquering armies in Italy. Over the millennia, Sicilians became more clannish and began to rely on familial ties for safety, protection, justice, and survival. An underground secret society formed initially as resistance fighters against the invaders and to exact frontier vigilante justice against oppression. A member was known as a â€Å"Man Of Honor,† respected and admired because he protected his family and friends and kept silent even unto death. Sicilians weren’t concerned if the group profited from its actions because it came at the expense of the oppressive authorities. These secret societies eventually grew into the Mafia† (2011). It is important to note, though, that not all of the people in La Cosa Nostra in America were native mobsters in Sicily. Rather, the social form was transplanted because of new conditions. It was difficult for immigrants to eke out a living in the America of the early 1900s. Prohibition made an obvious opportunity emerge: The distribution, production and consumption of alcohol would be the business model. As the Nevada Observer (1987) put it in their comprehensive time line of La Cosa Nostra (LCN), â€Å"Although organized crime had existed in the United States prior to this time, it was the bonanza of Prohibition which enabled the small, but powerful, LCN to capitalize upon its international contacts, its reputation for ruthlessness, and--above all--its rigidly disciplined structure of cooperating gangs to establish the position of unrivaled eminence it holds in the American underworld today†. But La Cosa Nostra didn't end with Prohibition. Once the organizations were created, it was too easy to use them for all sorts of other enterprises.

An overview of the concept of cosmetic accounting Essay

An overview of the concept of cosmetic accounting - Essay Example From this research it is clear that cosmetic or creative accounting is a process where accountant use their knowledge about accounting rules to change or manipulate the reported figures of the company’s business accounts. Cosmetic accounting can be describe in different ways like it is referred as the terms of income smoothing , earning management , earning smoothing or somewhere as financial engineering. The term cosmetic accounting is used when ,accepted accounting techniques those are not allow to use as to report financial results of a company, and with the help of creative accounting those prohibited techniques are used to manipulate accurate picture of the company. The methods of creative accounting are noteworthy because they remain in use as generally accepted accounting principal. As an author every company is fiddling its profit, every sets of published accounts are based on books which have been gently cooked or completely roasted. This deception is all in perfectly good taste. It is creative accounting. Creative accounting also based on some unethical elements like as accounting details of a restaurant can be anything (true and fair). The creativity in such details is like showing a half glass of water as half-full instead of presenting it as half-empty. Both statements are correct but both can paint different pictures and create different images in user’s mind. Sometimes, creativity accounting can be described as accounting manipulation.... This way, the management can reduce the net income’s fluctuations from one period to another. An explanation why cosmetic accounting is considered as blessing or curse: Cosmetic accounting can be considered as blessing when it contributes to clear or maintain the existing accounting system. And it can become a curse when it is used un-ethically to treat unfairly a specific group of users of financial statements. Most of the accountants believe that cosmetic accounting can be used as both of blessing and curse. According to a survey only 10% respondent think that this technique could be a blessing and 21% think that it is a curse. Cosmetic accounting can be used in two ways Positive Negative Simply the positive one can treat as blessing as to represent the true and fair position of the company. It can use to polish the account interests, but also as an accounting engineering consist on agreed accounting policies. As according to International Accounting Standard 1, â€Å"Compa nies can chose any procedure for maintaining their accounting records from the set of procedure those are declared true and fair† Negative form of cosmetic accounting is when this technique is used unethically to damage a specific group of users of financial statements. For example Companies can use a technique to include capital profits as operating Profits from the sale of properties and shares. Companies can record unrealized capital gains as operating profit. Companies can include the profits of their associated companies as their own profits to make the better financial position. In short the Positive one recognizes genuine changes in the business accounting practices while the Negative one reflects undesirable

William Faulkner: Translating His Life into His Works Essay -- Literar

Humankind through years of evolution has become a glorious race with an inexhaustible capacity to think. Each mind is filled with a profusion of ideas and other abstractions, which are sought to be expressed. Often, people find their medium of expression through art. Jean de La Fontaine, a renowned French fabulist begins his poem, The Hornets and the Bees with the line: â€Å"by the work one knows the workman† (The Hornets). If art is a method of self-expression, the creator, is thus, significant. In essence, art as the reflection of a being is inseparable from the being. To examine a masterpiece, the creator must be investigated, too. In 1917, the United States aided the Triple Entente during the First World War. Faulkner enlisted for the Armed Signal Corps from which he was rejected for his height and frailty (Leary +). Despite his rejection, Faulkner was undeterred. With a British accent, a borrowed England address, and an added â€Å"u† to his name, he went to a recruiting office in New York, and enlisted for the Royal Air Force in Canada. Faulkner was accepted, and was ordered to report for Toronto immediately. Although, his efforts were successful, he set himself up for disappointment, for the war ended in 1918 without him having set foot in any battle. When he returned to Oxford a month later, however, he was outfitted in a British uniform paired with a swagger stick to support his injured legs. Early on, he said his injury was a result from a crash during training. Later, the injury would be of several various other causes (Parini 39-47). Although his lies mortified him for the rest of his life, Fau lkner illustrated how he was inherently a storyteller, and his tales were his masterpieces. Through that incident he showed how concoc... ...y Criticism. Vol. 1. New York: Helvetica Press, 1988. 145. Print. Leary, Lewis. "The County and the Man." William Faulkner of Yoknapatawpha County. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1973. 1-37. Print. Minter, David. William Faulkner: His Life and Work. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1980. 1-90. Print. Parini, Jay. One Matchless Time: A Life of William Faulkner. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2004. 39-47. Print. Shute, Sarah. "Absalom, Absalom!." Literature Online. Cambridge: Proquest Information and Learning Co, 2002. Literature Online. Web. 8 May 2012. . "The Hornets and Bees, The Oak and Reed." Jean de La Fontaine. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2012. .

Formal and Informal Communication Essay

1.The most prominent quality of a human being is the effective and meaningful way of communication. Humans have a unique and well developed way of imparting or interchanging thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs. Communication is well established but not only limited among humans but also in animals and in manmade machines such as computers Communication 2.The word communications comes from a Latin word â€Å"Communis † which means to share. One definition of communication is â€Å"any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that person’s needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. † Styles of Communication 3.There can be two broad categories of communication, based on the style of communication. They are categorized as formal and informal communications that have their own set of characteristic features. For simplicity of understanding, it just depends on the situation and the organization or a person involved in that chain of communication. If some high ranking officials or personalities are involved or some prestigious organizations are addressed, the content and the matter of the communication will be formal in its language and formatting. For example our correspondence or letters to the Air Headquarters will differ in wording and format from a note that we scribble on a draft piece of paper an email that we write to our everyday friends. 4.There are numerous situations in our daily life that involve lot of correspondence and communication. However, where no high ranking agencies or personalities are involved in that chain, the communication styles and format used can be quite informa. 5.There are specific requirements and some general rules as to how and when there is a need of a formal or an informal way of communication. There are both benefits and ill effects of the two kinds of communications. For further elaboration both the situations are debated. Formal Communication 6.Formal communication includes all situations where communication has to occur in a set formal format. This can include all sorts of business communication, corporate communication or government official communication. The style of communication in this form is very formal and official. Official conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters are used for communication. When two people meet for the first time, the way they communicate with each other can also be utterly formal. Hence formal communication is straightforward, official and always precise and has a stringent and rigid tone to it. Communication takes place through the formal channels of the organization structure along the lines of authority established by the management. Such communications are generally in writing and may take any of the forms, policy, manuals, procedures and rule books, memoranda, official meetings, reports, etc. 7.Advantages of Formal CommunicationThere are definitely some advantages of formal communication: (a)They help in the fixation of responsibility and  (b)Maintaining of the authority relationship in an organization 8.Disadvantages of Formal Communication (a)It is generally time consuming, cumbersome and (b)Sometimes it leads to a good deal of distortion at times Informal Communication 9.For simplicity of understanding communication arising out of all those channels of communication that fall outside the formal channels is known as informal communication. Informal communication includes instances of free unrestrained communication between people who share a casual rapport with each other. Generally it is built around the everyday social relationship of members of an organization. Informal communication requires two people to have a similar wavelength and hence occurs between friends and family. At times, in informal communication, it is difficult to fix responsibility about accuracy of information. Such communication is usually oral and may be covered even by simple glance, gesture or smile or silence. It often works in group of people, i.e. when one person has some information of interest; he passes it on to his informal group and so on. 10.Informal communication does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. Informal conversations need not necessarily have boundaries of time, place or even subjects for that matter since we all know that friendly chats with our loved ones can simply go on and on. 11.Advantages of Informal CommunicationSome of the advantages of Informal communication are: (a)It acts as a valuable purpose in expressing certain information that cannot be channeled via the official channels (b)Informal communication also facilitates to ameliorate managerial decisions as more people are involved in the process of decision-making 12.Disadvantages of Informal CommunicationInspite of many advantages, informal communication has certain disadvantages: (a)Informal communication contains facts, deceptions, rumors and unclear data. (b)The informal channels of communication may transmit completely imprecise information that may harm rather than help an organization.

Administration of Justice, National Security, Terrorism, Protection of Classified Information - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1466 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Topic 1: The reduction of civilian casualties in War on Terror in Afghanistan For the War on Terror to be successful in Afghanistan, all parties that play a major role in crushing the Taliban insurgency need to acknowledge that they have to win the hearts and minds of the local population. The soldiers, sailors, marines that were actively pursuing these terrorists first got training in the application of ‘discriminate violence’ to ensure that the civilian population caught in the ensuing crossfire is at a minimal. Their operations would soon reveal that confronting this irregular adversary that hide among the civilian population would often result in collateral damage. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Administration of Justice, National Security, Terrorism, Protection of Classified Information" essay for you Create order The deaths of innocent Aghanisis spark outrage among the locals while the insurgents capitalize on these killings to gain traction. Winning this war requires efforts focusing on reducing these deaths, a strategy that will encourage that local populace to partner with the security agencies while gradually distancing themselves from the extremists. Objective To incorporate available strategies and a framework that will allow the security forces on the ground to international police terrorism while reducing the number of civilian casualties. The procedures will include the cooperation of the citizens, government apparatus and foreign contingents in the area without undermining their constitutional, normative or legal rights. Operational Definitions Civilian casualties- occurs when civilians die or are maimed by non-civilians by military personnel, law enforcement officers, criminals or terrorists. According to the law of war, these are people who perish as a result of wartime acts. Problem Statement How can all the parties involved in fighting terrorism in Afghanistan reduce the number of civilian casualties while still carrying out their mandate? Hypotheses Bridging the gap between the law enforcement agencies and civilians is necessary if they are to receive reliable information that will see the operations bear fruit while reducing collateral damage. Research Philosophy Making use of all available reference sources and carrying out expert interviews. Research Approach The research study will emphasize on developing strategies that will be instrumental in ensuring that there is a reduction in civilian casualties Research Strategy A case study approach combined with a qualitative method of research. Time Horizon Because the research is longitudinal, the study will examine available resources versus future needs. Data Collection Methods Since the researcher in question works in Afghanistan as a security specialist and has direct access to the populace, the most convenient method of data collection will be the use of a questionnaire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Potential Impact of social change The general expectation of the social consequences that this study will have is a change in attitude when dealing with the locals and in turn valuing every single member. An attitude change will also foster good relations between the parties in question thus contributing in fighting terrorism. Topic 2: Determining the real enemies of peace in a country where old rivalries The war against the Taliban and terrorism in Afghanistan has over the year been a mix up of traditional rivalries that were already in existence before the US led invasion to place. Traditional rivalries amongst the tribal elders and their supporters create a downward spiral that has made it a daunting task trying to restore law and order. The nation consists of what many security experts like to term as a ‘shifting mosaic† of tribal leaders and the many factions with rivalries, a situation that makes pointing out the real enemies of peace and stability hard to say. If one faction had an enemy around the same area as the Coalition Forces, they would easily inform on them by labeling them as â€Å"Taliban.† In most occasions, innocent villagers would become the victims of these rivalries that would leave many died during their wake. In essence, bad intelligence was to blame, but one was to look at the bigger picture, it was the old rivalries that are the real culpri ts that seen to perpetuate a cycle of unending violence. Study Objective To implement strategies that will ensure that the information which enforcers of law and order receive can go through a verification process. Such a framework will ensure that old rivalries do not come into play during the search for the real terrorists. Operational Definitions Tribal rivalries- The state of antagonism that exists between two or more tribes that see them continue with a situation of opposition towards each other. In the most occasions, jealousy and competition fuel it to greater proportions that lead to direct conflict. Problem Statement How can the Afghanistan maintain its National Security agenda by ensuring that they go after the real enemy of stability and not the victims of old rivalries? Hypotheses Understanding the old rivalries that exist in this land and considering them while seeking the actual terrorist. Personnel in charge of these operations will thus have a better understanding of the social landscape giving them an opportunity to avoid acting arbitrarily. Research Philosophy Making use of all available reference sources and carrying out expert interviews. Research Approach The research will focus on developing beneficial strategies that will be instrumental in ensuring that there is a reduction in civilian casualties Research Strategy A case study approach combined with a qualitative method of research. Time Horizon Because the research is longitudinal, the study will examine available resources versus future needs. Data Collection Methods Since the researcher in question works in Afghanistan as a security specialist and has direct access to the populace, the most convenient method of data collection will be the use of a questionnaire. Potential Impact of social change Understanding the traditional rivalries that exist between factions will ensure that proper research occurs before pointing out the real insurgents. As a result, these efforts will go a long way in ending inter-ethnic strife while promoting efforts towards nation building. Topic 3: Corruption in Afghanistan and how it affects counter-insurgency efforts The Afghan society has for a long time been the victim of an existential problem, corruption. Within this society, all the major debacles that the government faces including the Taliban insurgency, all have ties to crime. Presently, corruption takes the form of offering or demanding a bribe in public and private sectors throughout the country. Police officers have been known to extort money from local shopkeepers, levy taxes during routine stops and colluding with criminals, which in most cases include the insurgents they ought to be fighting. Study Objective To institute a practical framework that will see the administration in Afghanistan take corruption head-on to aid in the greater goal of suppressing the insurgency in the and the residual effects it might have had on the greater Afghan population. Operational Definitions Corruption- Refers to dishonest behavior by those in positions of power. Bribery- asking for gifts or money in exchange for favors and special treatment. Problem Statement How does corruption in Afghanistan affect the countrys counterinsurgency efforts? Research Philosophy Making use of all available reference sources and carrying out expert interviews. Research Approach The research will focus on developing strategies that will be instrumental in ensuring that there is a reduction in civilian casualties Research Strategy A case study approach combined with a qualitative method of research. Time Horizon Because the research is longitudinal, the study will examine available resources versus future needs. Data Collection Methods Since the researcher in question works in Afghanistan as a security specialist and has direct access to the populace, the most convenient method of data collection will be the use of a questionnaire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Potential Impact of social change The general expectation of the social implications that this study will have is a behavior change from the normalization of corruption while bringing people to the realization that it is detrimental to any development efforts. Topic 4: Bad Governance in Afghanistan and the role it plays Afghanistan, post-2002 has been a country wrought with weak state institutions that are unable to function as per international standards. The situation is due to the unwillingness of these agencies to implement government policies and enforce laws, which leaves the country at the mercies of its internal enemies. Additionally, the country has power brokers who are either official or unofficial that often issue exceptions from the law and law enforcement agencies to their vast network of friends for them to reap economic benefits. The national government also foments feelings of alienation among the ordinary Afghanis that often leads to semi-clandestine militias and the Taliban resurfacing. Study Objective To implement a framework that will aid the Afghan people to fight terrorism by first dealing with issues of bad governance that provides fertile ground for terrorist groups such as the Taliban to thrive. Operational Definitions Governance- the action of enforcing norms, laws or policies over a territory that is under ones jurisdiction. Problem Statement How does bad governance in the greater Afghanistan region promote to the security issue that it faces?